Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 25

Case study - Essay ExampleBased on sales, each identified product or service is be by its purchasers. Since there diverse and ever changing nature of products available in the marketplace, the corporation makes supplies to different consumers specific wholey identified by the purchases made. Across demarcated market regions, some products will sell more than others, although the entire customer base is constituted by all market segments.The second variable is that of send. The corporation understands that non every market segment requires broadcasting products or services, and as such different customers view broadcasting from various perspectives, thereby constituting variant tastes and preferences. In this regard, Meredith evaluates its broadcasting options prior to the needs of different customers. The third variable relates to regional and social diversity. Different physical regions and social differences create the need for identifiable markets to these factors. In all the three variables, data mining techniques are highly employed to aid the segmentation process (Havaldar, 2010).The target marketing strategy employed by the Meredith can is direct marketing. This involves addressing specific customer needs as they arise. The corporation embraced customer diversity and dynamism in its business. This makes it prioritize its customers needs, tastes and preferences. Customers interact directly with the corporation through the corporations websites. Through the same websites, their expectations on product development and improvement are collected and used for customer satisfaction purposes.Meredith has developed bod of products for the diverse customer base and market share that it enjoys. Building strong relationships with the right customer guarantees any business enterprise that its operations and performance oer rivals are competent enough (Havaldar, 2010). For Meredith

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Research Paper ExampleII. Oedipus follows Aristotles description of a tragedy. A. The speckle is non an ordinary tragedy. B. The plot is whole, complete and has unity of action. C. The plot considers serious spectacular action around a person of high social status. D. The plot is more important than the characters. E. The hamartia represents the mistake of a hero. F. Oedipus has a complex plot because of reversal of intention (peripeteia) and recognition (anagnorisis), which is related to the heros catastrophe. III. Oedipus has some tragic flaws. A. He valet de chambreifests hubris. 1. He disrespects Teiresias. 2. He misjudges Creon. B. He conducted contaminated deeds. 1. He killed his father. 2. He slept with his mother. 3. He brought a curse to his homeland. IV. The play has diction that illustrates that Oedipus suffered a fate he could not change thus, his tragedy is his helplessness and hopelessness. A. Oedipus moira is sealed. B. He started with outstanding reputation and go od fortune. C. Sophocles described the catharsis of pity and fear. D. Hamartia is action, not character. V. Conclusion A. Oedipus is a tragedy in Aristotles terms because of its dramatic complex plot. B. It shows the tragedy of an upright man who cannot change his ill fortune. C. The action in the plot is the tragedy, not the character. D. Oedipus does not deserve a tragic life, which makes his crepuscle a great Aristotelian tragedy. Oedipus is paradoxically a hero and a villain. He initially saves a whole city from the Sphinx, but because of his real identity, he brings a deadly curse to it later on, and most especially, to his family and himself. This essay analyzes Sophocles Oedipus, determining if it fits Aristotles definition of a tragic hero. In Poetics, Sophocles Oedipus exemplifies Aristotles definition of a tragic hero because it follows the latters elements of a tragic plot, explores the characters flaws, and narrates with a compelling diction that includes irony and imag es of human flaws, where despite this weaknesses, the superlative tragedy is that Oedipus does not deserve his fate since the gods controlled his destiny from the beginning, and therefore, he is inherently innocent, and yet he falls to complete disgrace. Oedipus follows Aristotles description of a tragedy, where Aristotle delimitate a tragedy as not a mere imitation of a good man suffering a misfortune. A tragedy is not historical but is an account of what might be true. Scheepers (2005) described what Aristotle meant by a tragic plot Aristotle refutes the simplistically structured tragic plot, which involves a good man coming to misfortune, as completely immoral, and rejects the simple moral plot, in which a bad man succumbs to hardship, as utterly untragic (p.137). Instead, Aristotle uses the notion of hamartia, which can be delimitate as an account or

5. Explain how the processes involved in meiosis lead to variation in Essay

5. Explain how the processes involved in meiosis lead to variation in the genetic material of the gamete cells comp atomic number 18d to the parent cell - Essay typeThe restoration of the somatic diploid chromosome number occurs in the resulting offspring. The restoration occurs through fusion of haploid sperm cell and a haploid oocyte at fertilization (Hultn, 2002). The cell division takes place in 2 ways. These are meiosis I and meiosis II. Each division comprises of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase (Hultn, 2002). In meiosis I, there are key processes that take place. The processes include reduction of chromosome number by half, pairing and association of four chromatids of paternal and maternal homologues and crossing over (Hultn, 2002). In reduction division II, there is completion of the process initiated at Meiosis I (Hultn, 2002). At this stage, the two daughter cells produce four products. The potential gametes at this stage charter a combination of variant ge nes from both parent homologues (Hultn, 2002).The process leads to variation in the genetic material of the gamete cells compared to the parent cell (Hultn, 2002). As shown through the two processes of meiosis, each chromosome in a gamete cells inherits from both maternal and paternal genetic material (Hultn, 2002). The resultant progeny is hereditarily diverse from parents (Hultn, 2002). The difference is the one that leads to variation in the genetic material of the gamete

e-Learning systems Essay Example for Free

e-Learning systems EssayOnline learning or e-Learning refers to the application of electronic technology for the delivery of instructional content or knowledge domains. Beamish et al. defines e-Learning as . . . a wide set of applications and processes allied to training and learning that includes computer-based learning, online learning, virtual classrooms and digital collaboration. These services provoke be delivered by a variety of electronic media, including the intranet, internet, interactive TV and satellite Despite the great flexibility and wide range of tools that e-Learning provides to imparting education, the implementation of such drive out be a complicated and complex undertaking. Likewise, online learning it can be a frustrating task for both the students and the teachers alike. A number of personal barriers extend to students and teachers alike in any online learning system. Personal Barriers of Students The nature of the course content is greatly affected by th e technology that is within the access of the students.Students may simply non have the required bandwidth to access high-end mul judgment of convictiondia content. The course designer has to tailor the contents to suit the technology availability of the students. This is especially sure of e-Learning courses catering to international students scattered all over the world. Due to the limits that technology brings, it is but inevitable that the universities and schools have several restrictions for the students that is conveyed to them during the admission process.In fact, many universities foreshorten special care to ensure prior to registration that their respective e-Learning course content is accessible to the students. Technical infrastructure deficiencies on the student side can impede course activities, especially in an online distance-learning environment (Arabasz 42). The proficiency level of the student in using ICT tools would enhance or undermine his e-Learning experi ence to a great extent. In the international context it would be unwise to expect uniform familiarity with ICT usage.A student, previously not exposed to ICT, will therefore not only have to handle the course requirements, but will also have to acquire the necessary skills in ICT to pursue the course effectively. From the learner perspective, literacy and IT skills, skill for self-direction, confidence, and motivation in participating in the online courses have also been identified as potential barriers to effective online learning (Australian Institute for Social Research 15). The constituent that students have to study alone in an e-Learning system has caused certain issues to arise.Many perceive this isolation as disadvantageous to the development of e-Learning systems for higher education. Brouner and Flowers even suggested that the wish of human interactions due to the technology introduced into higher education would have to be compensated by increased human contact . The e -Learning environment lacks the discipline and time regulations imposed on students in conventional education. This requires students to be more motivated, better time managers and more attentive during e-Learning sessions.

Children Essay Example for Free

Children Es recite1.1 Explain how legislation, frameworks, codes of practice and policies relating to positive behaviour support are applied to own working practice.The aspects of my role within our setting are regulated by our policies and procedures which throw a office been create verb completelyy with current legislation such as the Childrens act. These policies and procedures cover promoting positive behaviour and we only follow that as our code of practice as this is an important area to both us and all our peasantren. We focus very much on praise for good behaviour, respecting to distri howeverively one other and each others tintings, helping each other and if they cannot do many function solely try we give praise for trying. We looking that a baby birds behaviour is reflected in how much they feel valued within our setting, we make sure the pip-squeakren founder planned activities for them to experience and we allow the nipperren to book their say and we change and mould activities letting the children take the lead and let the activity free flow and it ends up cosmos a lot of fun. We do have a set of house rules which we feel are realistic and very set around house rules that would apply in their own home. We try to be consistent in enforcing these house rules which very much includes our own daughter, we make sure she is included in following the house rules the same as all the other children that we carriage after. However all children pass on have snips where they misbehave and for this we have several strategies, dep stop on the age and stage of ability of the child but we find that they work well for us.* Distraction- We will remove the child from a location and give them an alternative activity or we ask the child to help us with a special task and tell them we need their help. * Ignoring- Depending on the situation we whitethorn ignore the bad behaviour as we feel it is being done to get a reaction, we do find this more common with our own daughter too. * Discuss with child- We will take the child to one side and talk to them close to why we will remove them from the activity if they continue even though we dont want to do that but we want children to understand that their actions have consequences, we are incessantly very careful that we explain that its their behaviour that we dont like not them. We withal talk to the child about how they are feeling maybe not at that point but we return to it later on to see if anything is strike them that they want to talk about* Time Out- Removing the child from an activity or situation and giving them some quiet time, maybe even some TV time if this is what their prefer to do, we find that some children burn out and just need some short time on their own or with a friend to chill out and relax We will never smack, shake, or hurt a child in any way and we will never humiliate a child ever We would always discuss the situation with the parent on collecting we have never had a situation where we have had to call a parent/carer to collect the child but if the situation needed it we would do that. We have found that some children get quite upset if you tell their parents about their behaviour and this can actually have a forbid reaction so we will catch the parent before the child knows they are here and speak to them in private in our lounge about the situation, confirm how we dealt with it at the time and the outcome and that we have dealt with the behaviour at the time that it passed.1.2 Define what is meant by restrictive interventions. There are a number of forms of restrictive interventions, the first one is physical intervention where you have to intervene such as if two children were having a fight and you wanted to break them up then thither is a good chance that you will need to separate them to calm them down. Social intervention is another form of restrictive intervention where you can deal with the situation with speech, body language and facial expressions. Social intervention is also used in the setting for example the stair gates to stop the children climbing the stairs, the rubber eraser straps on the high chair so they dont fall out.1.3 Explain when restrictive intervention may and may not be used.Practitioners will always look for the trump possible way of dealing with situations that may arise, unfortunately thats sometimes not the case and there are times where Restrictive intervention may be required when a child is showing menages of unreasonable behaviour and everything has been taken into account of trying to reason with them, intervention may then be used, but any forms of intervention are best used as a last resort as its always best practice to make it in a positive way but strongly depending on the luck and situation i.e. any injury that may have been caused by a child to another could have been an accident and therefore intervention of any kind may not be required on this occ asion.1.4 Explain who necessitate to be informed of any incidents where restrictive interventions have been used.It outlines in the EYFS that one intervention that can be used however rare that it is, can be that of a physical one, it is used to manage a childs behaviour and it must be recorded and the parents must be informed on the same day as the incident occurred. Our own policies and procedures state that any intervention that has been required will be discussed with you at the time of pick up, written in their handbook if they have one or a phone call will be made on that day by us informing the parents of the incident and how it was dealt with at the time.1.5 Explain why the least restrictive interventions should be used when dealing with incidents of challenging behaviour.I think its always important for mickle who look after children in whatever role they may do to be positive in sometimes difficult circumstances, I dont mean we should praise bad behaviour far from it but we need to show positive reinforcement of some nature in inn for us to get the best out of young people , negativity wont bring out the best in people and will only give them a sense of despair and lack of self-confidence, positive feedback will hopefully bring them the confidence they need in action to go from strength to strength so I feel its always important to concentrate on what they can do well and not what they cant do right. For all parties involved in situations of bad behaviour its important if possible to diffuse situations and to try and talk things done to a resolution with the child involved, with safety in mind.1.6 Describe safeguards that must be in place if restrictive physical interventions are used.With health and safety in mind there are environments that need to be safe if any physical intervention is required, safety to all is priority in this situation and as unfortunate as it may be, if a soulfulness cannot be calmed down by any other means as previousl y discussed a situation may escalate and turn physical. Its important that all children are safe and therefore removed from the setting and placed with other practitioners in another room away from the threatening behaviour of the individual concerned. If any unfortunate event does take place its important that the room is as safe as possible to avoid any injury to all involved, remember we are still looking for a peaceful and positive ending here and a physical situation is really the last thing anybody wants.it needs reminding here that its best if 2 practitioners are on standby as witnesses may be needed if things got out of hand and if anything was ever required from a medical point of view.2.1 Explain the difference between proactive and thermolabile strategies. These are both at each end of the spectrum, a Proactive strategy is about us preventing a situation that we perceive may happen , a reactive strategy is something that hasnt happened yet and something we may have to re act to, a negative situation that we may have to turn into a positive one.2.2 come across the proactive and reactive strategies that are used within own work role. To use these strategies its about us seeing, hearing and being aware of situations almost in a psychic form that may develop in our setting, for us to react and respond in a way to prevent something we feel may happen, as it may have happened before so will it happen again?, this could be any type of young or situation and any act that is carried out by a child such as crying, aggressive behaviour, smacking, biting, arguments , an example of a situation that has occurred with us in our setting are as follows, a proactive and reactive example of the way we work would be to plan an activity when 2 of the children that are involved in this dont get along very well but we want them to feel included in the groups activity ,its our job to understand what happened previously when we did this activity and the cause of the situ ation in the first place we can then implement change for next time and see if there is any change in the behaviour of the child or children if resolved then fine, if not its up to us again to look at the cause and then try another method , methods used in situations like this would be to Use our knowledge in tack to avoid escalation, containment, use diversion as a strategy, use mediation, challenge and explain to children the consequences of their actions, support children and help them resolve situations to a positive end.2.3 Explain the richness of identifying patterns of behaviour or triggers to challenging behaviour when establishing proactive or reactive strategies to be used. Like Ive touched on earlier its about identifying the early warning signs that triggers children to cause disruptive behaviour and for us to intervene and preventing it from escalating further, its usually in our case quite easy to spot as you will see situations from time to time where you may find a child can set about something and others will follow and do the same thing , an example of this would be where a child has been given something to do but has no interest in what they are doing, with nothing to do they begin to turn around the play area and cause other children to do the same, its up to us to identify and intervene with this before it happens , a warning sign can sometimes be a change in their mood and other causes are as follows. Boredom give them something to focus on.Lack of quality its so important for them to them to be stimulated make sure there is plenty of choice in terms of things to do. Frustration in not being able to do something. Lack of attention make sure we communicate with them and show positive feedback if their doing something well. Disruption and noise make sure of a calm environment. Too many children doing an activity move make sure there another alternative activity A difficult one to identify is sometimes when theyre not well, all chi ldren are different and react in different kinds of ways, some will communicate and engage well and some wont.2.4 Explain the importance of maintaining a person or child-centred approach when establishing proactive strategies.Challenging behaviour can be an individual thing and not all children react in the same way or react at the same level there can be different degrees in the hardness of the behaviour. When dealing with inappropriate behaviour its important that each child is handled as an individual and not as a group, this shows that we are capable of adapting to each single case and it must be noted that a technique that may suit one child may not suit another, treating the children as individuals is also gives them a sense of value as they are treated as individual young people. Like weve said often despite the circumstances a positive spin on the situation is always a good one to end with.2.5 Explain the importance of reinforcing positive behaviour with individuals. all pe ople like to be praised and look for approval its only human nature and children are no different, to be positive as a person comes from positive behaviour itself, its always what we strive for and to be as a person, its vital that we show encouragement, praise and to be positive when they do something well if children are not praised for doing something well or they dont get encouragement in a positive way they will look for attention in another ways, this is usually from a negative point of view i.e. they will start to show challenging behaviour in order to get a response this is most certainly what we dont want ,as its not only bad for the child in question but the practitioner will find frustration in the fact that the feeling they now have could come across to the child in a negative light and that was something they were trying to avoid initially. You can now see that reinforcing positive behaviour is a good thing and the children mirror this situation by acting appropriately well and in a positive light.2.6 Evaluate the impact on an individuals well-being of using reactive rather than proactive strategies.The use of a reactive approach towards a child is more of a negative one I feel, as an incident has already occurred and there will be a consequence for the childs action, whereas a proactive approach is more of a positive one as it outlines from the start the behaviour that is expected from them, children as they are need constant reminders of good positive behaviour and if a proactive approach wasnt used in the first place and an incident has occurred , the reactive approach after the incident has taken place can make the child in question feel a sense of confusion ,they may feel ashamed, humiliated and a whole host of negative feelings even if they are expressed in a positive light.

Green Telecommunications Reducing Opex And Capex Engineering Essay

Green Telecommunications Reducing Opex And Capex Engineering EssayIn the last 10 years, smooth and wireless communications digest seen wicked growth. The growth in the entanglements along with fierce competition has led the telecom operators to focus on logistics, security and be. Since each operator competes to lead the node the trump service possible at minimum price, reducing operating costs is of prime importance. In addition, environment has similarly become a major outcome worldwide touch on most of the telecom operators. Legislative pressures and the potentiality for Carbon trading revenues be ca using the Mobile Telecommunications Industry to become mindful of its contact on cytosine paper emissions. Green considerations atomic number 18 coming into prominence in network design. This paper discusses various eco- hospitable solutions in network design to pore carbon dioxide emissions leading to reduction in Operating Expense (OPEX) and Capital Expense (CAPE X).IntroductionTelecommunication Industry has helped the world in a big focusing to stifle carbon emissions by reducing unnecessary business travel, improving efficiency of freight transport and other logistics. The carbon footprint of a roving ph wholeness call or video conferencing is thousand meters smaller than the environmental impact of travel required for personal meeting.However, ladder these telecommunication systems too creates a load on the environment contri exclusivelying to about 0.5% of global carbon emissions. Though, this is much less as compared to the other industries, it has brought in a disseminate of criticism from various environmental agencies and green campaigners. In addition, forefingering these systems makes up half of a telecom operators operating costs and with zip prices rising, these expenses are hurting the cyberspace of the operators. The only solution for the Telecom Operators to jump out of this situation is to adopt Green Technology in the networks. This lead not only reduce the OPEX and CAPEX of operators intimately but alike lead to energy- good and self-sustainable telecommunications systems. vital force Concerns for Telecom OperatorsToday, around 50% of the operating costs of a network company goes into electricity. With electricity prices rising, it is eating a weed into the revenues earned by these network companies. The various network elements that contribute to these costs are the Radio primary Stations, the equipments utilizationd in the network and the shut up of connecting cables required to interconnect Fixed-Line motions. Out of these, Radio nursing home Stations account for two-thirds of the tycoon costs with the equipments being the second pear-shapedst contributor. Along with increasing costs imputable to excessive ability consumption, network operators likewise contribute really to the carbon emissions.In order of magnitude to overcome these issues, the operators must look at grow th sustainable network solutions. The following steps such as development energy-efficient products and frisks, creating energy-efficient site solutions, designing energy optimized networks and harnessing alternative sources of energy grass help pave the manner for telecommunication operators towards sustainable growth.Developing energy-efficient products and featuresMany network equipment providers these days have developed or are in the process of developing products that are eco-friendly. asunder from this, many new features are also being developed so as to minimize energy consumption during operations. Ericsson, Nokia Siemens Networks and Motorola are some of the signifi mintt contributors to this new generation of energy-efficient products.Ericsson has developed an innovative design for housing Radio Base Stations called the Ericsson Tower Tube. The Tower is made from cover which has a land environmental impact than traditional steel, consuming up to 40 percent less a ctor from a life cycle perspective. This is due to the fact that concrete results in less energy consumption and CO2 emission than steel during production and transport. However, the most important part is that during operation, tributary losses are well reduced, and no active cooling is compulsory. Thus, adopting a solution like this, helps operators to not only reduce their construction and bureau costs but also reduce their capital expenditure as active cooling units are not required.Nokia Siemens Networks, on the other hand, has developed the award-winning Flexi Multiradio Base Station. The unique ability of such a Base Station is that it can support all the 3GPP technologies i.e. GSM/EDGE and WCDMA/HSPA to LTE in a sensation unit with all running simultaneously. This proficiency of running multiple radio technologies in a single Base Station leads to multiple advantages for operators such as reduced OPEX from fewer site visits, change logistics, reduced chief(prenominal )tenance and a smaller requirement for trained staff. In addition, this concept can also reduce the carbon footprint of a single Base Station by 70% which corresponds to approximately 70 GWh of annual energy saving. Another important advantage is that it is only 20% of the size and weight cut down of a conventional musical theme station leading to reduction in the carbon footprint from transportation and installation. Due to reduced size, it is possible to install melodic theme displace in places previously considered impossible such as densely populated urban areas thus saving space, installation time and costs. Flexi, as it is called, has been designed so that it can function even without external air conditioning, thus reducing around 30% in site energy consumption. Its other bountiful features like software-based capacity and capability upgrades further help in reduction of operating expenses as Flexi can be controlled via remote software whereas conventional base stations require site visits and sometimes hardware replacements. Furthermore, the Flexi Base Station can work on renewable energy such as solar or wind power. Like other Nokia Siemens Networks products, Flexi has been designed so as to facilitate ease of recycling at end of its life. This also helps resolve the various end-of-life problems that many operators face.Apart from hardware products, new software technology can also help to improve energy efficiency of base stations. Ericsson provides the Base Transceiver Station Power Savings feature while Nokia Siemens has its NetAct Service Quality Manager (SQM).Ericsson has introduced the new Base Transceiver Station Power Savings feature in many of its base stations across the world. Due to this feature, during low-traffic periods, the radio resources of the network that are unused are put into Stand-By mode, thus lowering energy consumption. Depending on the network traffic patterns, this feature can reduce 25% of energy consumption. The a dded advantage of this innovation is that it can be installed in any of Ericssons actual Base Stations by a mere software upgrade. Thus, if this feature is installed in all the existing Ericsson Base Stations, it can reduce carbon emissions by 1 million tons a year.The Nokia Siemens Networks NetAct Service Quality Manager (SQM) is used to provide better control of BTS power settings. The night time power saving feature allows an operator to set a time when traffic prioritization is enabled in the network. NetAct SQM will control the operation automatically according to pre-configured settings, such as Schedule and BSC/BTS list. By using such a feature, a network operator with around 10,000 base station sites can potentially besides the average energy consumption of 1000 households per year. Translating this into monetary values would suggest an estimated 5,000,000 annual savings in OPEX, an estimate which naturally depends on the marketplace.Designing Energy Optimized NetworksAnot her key aspect for network operators to look into is energy-efficient network design and planning. More often than not, operators tend to design networks with as many as Base Stations in order to provide maximum insurance coverage and signal strength. However, by taking into consideration the challenge of providing almost the uniform amount of coverage with less number of base stations can help telecommunication operators achieve optimization in their networks. With optimized networks, the operating costs of operators can come down drastically as the number of base stations can be reduced by 30% 50%.Now, a sustainable network has its stem in good design. At the core of any efficient and sustainable network is good design. Without doubt, the top hat way to achieve an optimized, energy-efficient network is to build it on good foundations, based on sound design principles. Even if a company achieves energy efficiency at the component level it does not entertain that it can make u p for an inefficiently designed network, in which the number of radio sites could potentially be double than what it deprivations to be to achieve the same coverage with the same quality. By hiring experienced network designers to become baffling from the start of the design process, operators can typically reduce the number of radio sites takeed overall by between 30 and 50 per cent.Energy-Efficient On-Site SolutionsThere are many areas on-site where energy efficiency can be achieved. By adopting certain ingenious and innovative solutions, a lot of unnecessary energy wastage can be avoided and thus costs can be reduced.One of the main causes of power consumption on-site is the air-conditioning required for cooling the telecom shelters that contain the radio equipments. These air-conditioning units consume anywhere between 1200W 2000W. However, with recent developments, the radio base stations can endure high temperatures thus enabling new cooling techniques to be used. One sol ution is to have heat exchangers which can efficiently point heat from one medium to another. Thus the heat generated by using the Radio Base Stations can be captured by the heat exchangers and transferred to the piddle kept outside in a tank. This method of heat removal can help maintain temperatures 20oF to 15oF less than ambient. Also, it does not require any power source as heat is dissipated by means of natural convection. This method can be used in dry regions mainly in North-Western India. Another innovative solution that can be used in tropical regions is Phase Change Materials (PCM). These help in maintaining temperatures in the shelters between 20oC to 35oC without use of any air conditioning system. Thus, implementing innovative solutions for cooling telecom shelters, a telecom operator not only reduces its OPEX (due to reduced energy costs) but also CAPEX by minimizing the amount spent on equipment needed for cooling.Another area where power can be conserved is by mini mising the Feeder losses. This can be established by placing the Radio Base Stations closer to the antenna. Since feeder loss is minimised, it helps in improved network coverage and capacity. This, in turn, helps the operator to reduce the number of RBS in the region leading to network optimization. The Ericsson Tower Tube discussed above implements this solution in an efficient manner. The tower consists of an elevator. The base stations are installed at the bottom of the tower and then lifted by the elevator to top where they are operated. Thus by being close to the antenna the feeder loss decreases.Harnessing Alternative Sources of EnergyWith conventional energy prices rising, operating telecom networks is becoming genuinely difficult for the operators. The rising operating costs are affecting the bottom lines of the network operators. Apart from this, there are various sites which are beyond the reach of electricity or have un steady-going electricity provision. Thus, operators need to set up diesel powered base stations in these regions. However, regular maintenance and re evokeling the diesel becomes a very costly affair. In order to overcome these issues, a single solution is available at hand i.e. harnessing alternative sources of energy to power the telecommunication systems. There are various renewable energy sources that can be used efficiently these days. This includes Solar, Wind, Biofuels, Fuel Cells etc.SolarAs the cost of Solar technology continues to fall, it is becoming a very popular technology to be used as primary power source for various base stations. Though the initial capital expense (CAPEX) is higher for a solar-powered site, however, over a period of 5 years the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) for such a site is 30% less than a conventionally powered site. Also the life span of a solar powered BS is higher than a usual BS, thus in the lifelong run the network operators can reap more benefit out of this solution. A key point in using Solar technology is also the fact that its maximum outputs align with the maximum load on the telecom networks. In other words, the peak of mobile phone calls overlaps with the peak of solar power and at night when the mobile phone usage tends to drop, the solar power switches to battery phase.Solar energy can be prominently used to its best effect by regions coming in the equatorial sun-belt. And this is where most of the emerging markets, like India and China are located. Thus network operators in these markets can readily adopt solar technology and reduce their OPEX by huge amounts. With the extensive competition in these markets, an operator adopting this technology can for take out about the power related costs of the OPEX and focus on improving customer satisfaction.Major network solution providers like Motorola, Ericsson and Nokia Siemens have developed various techniques to provide solar technologies to various network operators.Ericsson has developed a special Radio Base S tation (RBS) for solar power called SunSite. A typical RBS requires 142 W of power 110W the RBS itself, 20W transmission equipment and 12W Obstruction lights. Thus, Ericsson developed a solar system that can provide this much amount of power. The first solar powered site delivered by Ericsson was in the year 2000. Since then it has delivered 200 SunSites in various countries. Now that Ericsson has also developed energy-efficient RBS, sites have become more energy-lean. As a result, the large solar panels are no more used. Instead small solar panels are effective enough to provide the required amount of power. This is reducing the costs for setting up SunSites and thereby reducing CAPEX for the operators. A very good example in case of Ericsson Sunsite was the set up for Telekom Indonesia which was a 100% solar powered site. The SunSite helped Telekom Indonesia reduce its energy consumption by 60% and also made the site almost maintenance free. This led to decrease in power costs, fu el costs and maintenance cost leading to reduction of 40% in the OPEX.Nokia Siemens has also developed its Renewable Energy Source (RES) free site solutions. It provides various options like Standalone Solar Sites, Solar-Wind hybrid sites and sites with a combination of Solar-Diesel Generator. Motorola has also recently developed its solar solutions under the name Horizon II DC Macro/Mini BTS.WindWind is a plentiful resource across all regions of the world with varying degrees of intensity albeit considerably stronger in coastal regions. The main drawback to wind energy is the reliability of the source which is the main reason we do not use wind as a mensuration power source. Coupled with solar energy and the reserves in battery bank storage, wind does continue to provide an abundant, free-to-use, easy to access and environmentally friendly means of supplying power for the Autonomous Sites.Wind turbines can be placed in different configurations at the site. An early site analysis will determine the ideal turbine configuration as well as the correct direction and height to maximize the energy output from the turbines. Moreover, many governments offer impose benefits and direct subsidies for wind and solar energy expenditures making wind an ideal solution in most situations. Wind power has very low operation expenditure.BioFuelsBiofuels are liquid fuels that are derived from plant materials. These fuels are entering into the market, driven by factors such as fuel price rise, reducing carbon emissions and the need for increased energy security.Ericsson has pioneered the use of biofuels in telecoms. For instance, Ericsson, Idea Cellular and the GSM Association Development Fund have launched several base stations powered by locally produced biofuels to extend Ideas commercial mobile network in rural India. They are being deployed at greenfield sites that have not previously had access to a mobile network and are located in areas with unreliable power supply. The biodiesel for these base stations comes from used cooking oils from restaurants. Idea currently has 23 sites running on biodiesel in India, and hopes to expand this to 40 to 50 sites. In the long term, it is expected that locally produced jatropha oil will be used, as before long as this is available in sufficient quantities. The selected sources for biodiesel have low environmental impact and follow responsible environmental practices for the production of biodiesel.Fuel CellsFuel cells are also being developed so as to efficiently use them as a source of energy for telecom networks. In recent years, a lot of improvement has been done in the Fuel Cell technology which has led to many benefits over generators such as fuel efficiency, climate resistance, reliable start-up, and compact size. They operate at very low noise levels. Due to this, there is no indication of a power source running on the site and hence reducing the likelihood of theft also. With development, fuel cells are being manufactured in great numbers due to which its cost have come down considerably as compared to engine driven fuel cells.Operation of a fuel cell is to convert any fuel, like enthalpy into electricity without combustion. There are several types of fuel cells, of which the most useful telecommunications is the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC). The PEMFC operates at low temperatures and runs at 40-60% efficiency.Motorola, which is involved in fuel cell research for networks and mobile devices, is also exploring micro fuel cell technologies as a replacement for rechargeable batteries in mobile devices. In partnership with various companies, Motorola is developing technologies such asHybrid fuel cell technologies for radiosA hydrogen generator as a illumination fuel-cell power source5Improving PEM fuel cell performance, durability, and manufacturability using single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs)Fuel cell technology is maturing and advancing rapidly. However, a disadvant age for fuel cells is that at higher loads, cooling is required. Thus a trade-off has to be made in reducing the OPEX due to low operating costs for using fuel cells and increasing CAPEX due to extra cooling units required.End-of-life SolutionsTechnology, today, is changing so rapidly that in a very short span time the network equipment becomes old and needs upgradation. In these situations, network operators often feel pressurized to dispose old equipment and set up the latest one. However, this can create a lot of strain on the OPEX and CAPEX and also have a negative impact on the environment.Thus, the network equipments providers these days provide solutions to cater to the end-of-life scenarios as well. Nokia Siemens provides addition convalescence Service which is based on recycling of old equipment and refurbishment of existing network elements.There are two modules in the Asset Recovery Service. Recycling Service module looks into the proper waste disposal of old equipments in an environment friendly manner. The Refurbishment Service Module looks into the upgradation or addition of lifetime of existing network equipments.The benefits to the customers includeReduced obsolescence cost Development of new technology is always good for the industry. However, the problem is the piling of obsolete equipment. development Asset Recovery Service, the obsolete inventory can be converted into useful, re-usable equipment.Environmentally Responsible Approach Due to tight regulations regarding disposal, it creates a problem for the companies to get rid of old elements. Thus, this service helps customer to dispose in an environmentally sound manner.OPEX and CAPEX savings By reducing warehousing cost for obsolete inventory, OPEX can be saved. Also due to the Refurbishment Service, the need to spend on new equipments reduces, thus CAPEX can also be saved.Carbon CreditsBy reducing their carbon emissions, telecom operators can also exchange them for carbon credits. O ne carbon credit is equivalent to one tonne of carbon dioxide. And one carbon credit is priced in the markets at around 22 Euros (price fluctuates according to market).This concept of carbon credits is very favourable for companies operating in the developing countries as according to Kyoto Protocol, there is no encloseion on these companies to limit their emissions. However, all the developed countries (except US as it has not signed the Kyoto Protocol) have to restrict their emissions by 2012. They can achieve this by either implementing new technology to reduce their emissions or by helping companies in the developing countries to reduce their emissions and acquire the carbon credits that are obtained.As there is a very huge scope for reduction of carbon emissions in the Telecommunications industry, all operators in developing countries can immensely benefit from carbon credits. Also, as the deadline year 2012 nears, it is expected that there will be a surge in the demand of th ese carbon credits and hence the price of one carbon credit will also increase. Thus, if the telecom operator companies act quickly to reduce their carbon emissions, they can accumulate carbon credits now and reap the benefits in the future. Hence, implementing Green solutions in their networks, will not only benefit the network operators to reduce their OPEX and CAPEX but also act as means to generate more revenue.ConclusionAs the World moves towards Greener solutions, it has not only reduced the carbon emissions but has also helped to provide ample new opportunities for business. As we have seen in this paper, network operators have ample amount of opportunities to reduce their OPEX and CAPEX.By using energy efficient products and features, optimizing networks, smart innovative energy-saving solutions and powering Telecommunication systems with renewable sources of energy, the Telecommunication network operators can reduce their power consumption by 50% 70%. This can in turn lead to proportional reduction in the energy costs. As the energy costs make up for around 50% of the OPEX, the operators can drastically reduce their operating expenditure and improve the bottom line of their companies. This also gives operators a chance to venture into new markets, provide better services for their customer and also come up with innovative cost-effective schemes to retain their customers.Adopting green methods, also leads to reduction in the CAPEX as has been discussed in the above topics. Though, the initial coronation in Eco-friendly solutions is higher, the reduction in energy consumption and costs brings the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) much less than in conventional networks.With tremendous potential for curbing CO2 emissions, Telecommunication operators can also generate a lot of revenue by using their Carbon Credits. In India, Bharti Airtel is one of the operators, who has entered into the carbon credit venture with partner ACME Telepower. This partnership ha s brought about $30- $40 million revenue to the both companies involved. Hence, Carbon trade is also another major incentive for the operator s to adopt environment friendly solutions within their networks.

Temperature Dependent Speed Controller Using Thermistor Computer Science Essay

Temperature Dependent Speed Controller Using Thermistor Computer Science EssayThis project is a standalone automatic fan speed restrainer that encounters the speed of an electric fan according to our requirement. This closed enlace feedback control system is efficient and reliable by using embedded technology . Micro controller (AT89C51) allows dynamic and faster control. Liquid crystal display (LCD) makes the system user-friendly. The sensed temperature and fan speed train values are simultaneously displayed on the LCD panel. It is very compact using few components and can be implemented for several applications including air-conditioners, water-heaters, snow meltars, ovens, heat-exchangers, mixers, furnaces, incubators, caloric baths and veterinary operating tables. AT89C51 micro controller is the heart of the circuit as it controls all the forges.The temperature sensor thermistor senses the temperature and converts it into an electrical (analog) signal, which is applied to t he micro controller by dint of ADC. The analog signal is converted into digital weeat by the analog to-digital converter (ADC). The sensed and place values of the temperature are displayed on the 162-line LCD. The micro controller drives control relays by means of ULN driver circuit to control the fan speed with the help of high wattage tagged wire wound resistor. integrity pole dabble throw (SPDT) relays are attached to the micro controller through a ULN driver circuit. The relays require 12 volts at a live of around 50 mA, which cannot provided by the micro controller. So the ULN driver circuit is added. The relays are utilize to ope pose the electrical fan or for operating either some other electrical whatchamacallit. Normally the relays remain off. As soon as pin of the micro controller goes high, the relays operateThis project uses regulated 5V, 500mA 12V, 500mA power bring home the bacon. 7805 and 7812 iii terminal voltage regulators are used for voltage regulati on. Bridge type full wave rectifier is used to rectify the ac out put of second-string of 230/12V step down transformer. This project is useful in process industries for maintenance and controlling temperature.CHOICE OF MICROCONTROLLERThere are different types of processors and controllers available in the market. industrial and control application/ may require automation of the process such as temperature, pressure, liquid flow, etc., in order to minimize manual intervention. To automate any application an intelligent controller plays a major role. One such controller proposed for the project is AT89C51, an 8-bit microcontroller.The AT89C51 is a low-power, high- capital punishment CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of ignite computer programmemable and Erasable pick up Only Memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmels high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the course memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a con- ventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control appli- cationsThe AT89C51 provides the acquireing standard features 4Kbytes of Flash, 128 bytes of take, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level exposearchitecture, a full duplex ensuant port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry.In addition,the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequence andsupports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode bread the CPUwhile allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continuefunctioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillatordisabling all other chip functions until the succeeding(prenominal) hardware reset.CHOICE O F MEMORYAs the system under consideration is using AT89C51 microcontroller it has 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory and EPROM for its purposes. The ATMEL AMR code is stored in an inbuilt flash memory. Flash memory cannot be reprogrammed constantly. The temperature sensor device also supports the storage of last ten pairs of measurements and new measurements are over written to the older one. Hence this system is using EEPROM as a data storage memory. Even though EEPROM is slower than Flash memory it can be rewritten as many number of times as wanted.Memory OrganizationThe information presented in this chapter is collected from the Microcontroller Architectural Overview, AT89C51, AT89LV51, AT89C52, AT89LV52, AT89C2051, and AT89C1051 data sheets of this book. The material has been selected and rear persistd to form a quick and convenient reference for the programmers of Atmels microcontroller family of devices. This guide pertains specifically to the AT89C51, AT89LV51 , AT89C52, and AT89LV52.Memory OrganizationProgram MemoryThe AT89C Microcontroller has separate address spaces for program memory and data memory. The program memory can be up to 64 Kbytes long. The lower addresses may reside onchip. Figure 1 shows a map of the AT89C51 program memory, and Figure 2 shows a map of the AT89C52 program memory. The AT89C10512051 do not have off-board memory expansion. Figure 1. AT89C51 Program MemoryFlash Microcontroller Memory OrganizationFigure 2. AT89C52 Program Memory0498AData MemoryThe AT89C can directly address up to 64 Kbytes of data memory external to the chip. The MOVX instruction accesses the external data memory. (Refer to the pedagogy Set section in this chapter for a detailed description of instructions). The AT89C51 has 128 bytes of on-chip RAM (256 bytes in the AT89C52) plus a number of Special Function Registers (SFRs). The lower 128 bytes of RAM can be accessed either by direct addressing (MOV data addr) or by indirect addressing (MOV R i).CHOICE OF ADCADC0804 (Analog to Digital Converter)Figure 3 illustrates the main function of the ADC0804 i.e. to convert the input signal from temperaturesensor device to voltage form that has 8-bit output. This device acts as a memory location or port foundationto the microprocessor and does not require additional logic extension.ADC0804 design.To prove that this design is according to the specifications hardware, the formula used is asfollowsADC out = Ain / Vmax X 256 (1.2)where ADC out = digital output valueAin = Input GainVmax = Maximum voltageUsing formula (1.2), it is found thatwithout amplifier, ADC out = Ain / Vmax X 256= (1/5) X 256= 51 D= 00110011 BSo that, the temperature value is = 100 / 51 = 1.96C 2CIf using amplifier, ADC out = Ain / Vmax X 256= (5 /5) X 256= 256 D= 1111 1111 B (Proved)ADC 0804 Analog to digital converters find huge application as an intermediate device to convert the signals from analog to digital form. These digital signals are used for further p rocessing by the digital processors. Various sensors like temperature, pressure, force etc. convert the physical characteristics into electrical signals that are analog in nature.ADC0804 is a very comm single used 8-bit analog to digital convertor.It is a single channel IC, i.e., it can take only one analog signal as input. The digital outputs vary from 0 to a maximum of 255. The step size can be adjusted by setting the reference voltage at pin9. When this pin is not connected, the default reference voltage is the operating voltage, i.e., Vcc. The step size at 5V is 19.53mV (5V/255), i.e., for every(prenominal) 19.53mV rise in the analog input, the output varies by 1 unit. To set a particular voltage level as the reference value, this pin is connected to half the voltage. For example, to set a reference of 4V (Vref), pin9 is connected to 2V (Vref/2), thereby reducing the step size to 15.62mV (4V/255).ADC0804 needs a clock to operate. The time taken to convert the analog value to di gital value is hooked on this clock source. An external clock can be given at the Clock IN pin. ADC 0804 also has an inbuilt clock which can be used in absence of external clock. A suitable RC circuit is connected between the Clock IN and Clock R pins to use the inner clock.Pin DiagramAn ADC is an electronic device that converts continuous signals to discrete digital numbers. The reverse operation is done by a DAC. The digital output may be using different coding schemes such as binary and twos compliment binary.Most ADCs are of a type known as analog which means that the range of input values that map to each output value has a linear relationship with the output value.The ADC used is an IC, ADC 0804.Features Compatible with 8080 P derivatives-no interfacing logic needed access time 135 ns Easy interface to all microprocessors, or operates stand alone Differential analog voltage inputs logic inputs and outputs meet both MOS and TTL voltage level specifications Works with 2.5V (LM336) voltage reference On-chip clock generator 0V to 5V analog input voltage range with single 5V supply No zero adjust required 0.3Prime standard width 20-pin DIP big bucks 20-pin molded chip carrier or small outline package Operates ratiometrically or with 5 VDC, 2.5 VDC, or analog span adjusted voltage referenceCHOICE OF SCHEDULING algorithmic program.Many scheduling algorithm have been examine to guarantee the real(a) time constraints of real time process. Scheduling decisions of this algorithm is usually based on parameters which are assumed to be crisp. However, in many circumstances the values of these parameters are vague. The vagueness of parameters suggests us to make the usage of fuzzy logic to decide in what order the request should be executed to better utilize the system and as a results reduce the chance of a request being missed. Our main contribution is proposing a fuzzy approach to microprocessor/microcontroller real time scheduling in which the scheduling p arameters are treated as fuzzy variables.SAMPLING RATES OF CONTROLLED LOOPThe temperature measurement device Resistance Temperature detector a measure temperature in the range of -25-150 degree Celsius. But in this application the temperature inside the container is maintained at 25 degree Celsius. There is no much deviation of temperature inside the container. The container temperature doesnt vary that much in a second. The resolution of the device is 0.1 degree Celsius if the temperature inside the container varies more than the 0.1 degree Celsius the temperature sensing device can able to detect and the output will be shown. Suppose the temperature inside the container is changing at the rate of 0.1 degree Celsius per second the output has the frequency of 1 Hz. So the sampling rate for the device to sample or measure the temperature neednt be that high. So the device is using a sampling rate of 1 for measuring temperature i.e. temperature measurement device is having a sampling frequency of 1 HZ. Number of bits per second will be 10 bits per second (1 HZ*10 bits) which can be easily handled by 10 bit ATMEL ADC.Temperature Sensor Resolution 0.1 degree CelsiusTemperature change inside the container 1 degree Celsius per blink of an eyeSo the frequency would be 0.6 HZSampling frequency = 0.6*5 = 3Hz (to be greater)Sampling rate = 0.3 SecondsCHOICE OF REAL TIME SCHEDULING ALGORITHMThere are basically four types of real times scheduling algorithmRound RobinRound Robin with interruptFunction waiting line schedulingRTOS( Real Time Operating System)ROUND ROBINIt is the simplest algorithm. The Round Robin algorithm is characterized by the absence of interrupts. The algorithm consists of a main loop that checks each I/O device in turn and Service them if needed. it cannot suffer from shared data problems. Latency is limited by the maximum duration of a loop cycle. Attractive for simple environments. At the same time the disadvantage for the algorithm is it cannot set priorities. Its worst suit wait for an important caper code is the sum of execution time of all the other task code.ROUND ROBIN WITH INTERRUPTThe main advantage of Round Robin with interrupt routines deals with the very urgent needs of devices. Interrupt routines set flags to indicate the interrupt happened. Main while loop polls the status of the interrupt flags and does any follow up process required by a set flag. It moves more control over antecedence. FUNCTION QUEUE SCHEDULINGThe advantage of function dress scheduling is latency for high priority devices can be reduced compared to Round-Robin with Interrupts. In Round-Robin with Interrupts every loop may end up executing every reassessment task. Function-Queue Scheduling guarantees that at most a single follow-up task is executed per loop iteration. The main disadvantage is latency for low priority tasks can increase. Low priority tasks can actually starve. Queuing algorithm may be complex/costly to run/code. If a low priority follow-up task is very time consuming the latency for higher priority response times will suffer.RTOSThe advantage of RTOS is interrupts signal the need for follow-up tasks. But, hostile Function-Queue Scheduling, this is handled by the Real-Time Operating System and not by the interrupt routines manipulating flags or a queue. Instead of a loop deciding what to do next the RTOS decides. One follow-up task can be suspended by the RTOS in favouring of performing a higher priority task.-Queue. Suspension of tasks allows the worst case wait for the highest priority item to be zero. Built-in scheduling mechanism yields a system with very stable response characteristics even when changes to the code occur. wide available for purchase.This embedded system is usingRound Robin Schedulingas real time scheduling algorithm. The device is used to control only the temperature inside the steel container and so round robin architecture can be set here.FAILURE CONDITIONSThe system will fa il only if the temperature exceeds the range of the temperature sensor.Since it is a room temperature controller the variation in the room is very slow.PERFORMANCE MEASURESAs the performance measure of system is totally dependent on PID Controller performance. So the PID controller performance can be evaluated by the periodic of the parameter hereafter against some baseline values. The performance improvement actions are taken accordingly on a periodic manner. So theProcess VariableErrorOvershootSteady state hallucinationSettling timeMust be calculated by different values of PID controllersController tuning methods provide the controller parameters in the form offormula or algorithms. They ensure that the obtained control system would be stable and would meet. These methods require certain knowledge about the controlled process. This knowledge, which depends on the applied method, usually translates into a transfer function. The objectives which should be achieved by the applicatio n of the control system are associated with the control system features Regulating performance, Tracking performance, Robustness, noise attenuation.